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Open Source Organization Models Discussed 70

blogologue writes "Harvard Business School has an article up discussing The Organizational Model for Open Source. It has some good points, and I think it sums up what many of us know, but haven't quite been able to put into words yet: 'People are intimately aware of the fact that too much structure will disenfranchise the very people who make the most successful open source projects possible.'"
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Open Source Organization Models Discussed

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  • by jkrise ( 535370 ) on Thursday July 10, 2003 @07:12AM (#6406307) Journal
    If it's good, widely accepted, and works well - don't fix it. Open Source, GPL etc. should fit into this category.

    • Sorry, but that is not the golden rule.

      The golden rule is, "he who has the gold makes the rules".

      Draw your own conclusions.

    • by Anonymous Coward
      First of all, while there are some good examples of what you say, the fact is that most Open Source-GPL-etc. software sucks and never leaves beta. People can happy at the beginning and drop out as it becomes work to finish it and stop as soon as something works enough to be somewhat usual. Look at this statement, "People are intimately aware of the fact that too much structure will disenfranchise the very people who make the most successful open source projects possible." These is because most programmers
      • by pe1rxq ( 141710 ) on Thursday July 10, 2003 @08:37AM (#6406496) Homepage Journal


        You might wan't to check how many non-opensource programs are actually finished or the amount of crap in it...


        Programming has become an industry of buzzwords and throwaway crap. No one builds on what has come before. No one really pays much attention to good design.


        I don't think programming has become that... but indeed the industry certainly is.
        The industry are managers who don't know shit about programming that are selling programs with a bunch of marketing buzzwords and throwaway crap. The programmers don't have much to do with that (except letting them abuse...)


        The reason C is so popular is excactly the reason your argument is moot... Programmers (the real ones not those that think using a computer means using a game console and then move on to 'programming' in visual basic script) use it because they are not impressed with the latest buzzword compliant programming language that promisses to solve every problem.
        They use what works, and for a lot of problems C just works.


        Jeroen

    • I see no reason as to why we should not to take a look at how something that is working could be improved. But I also agree that if it works, one should make sure that that it continues to work. Although I like your golden rule, but perhaps you could ad a little a little golden mean in with it?

      photoplankton [photoplankton.com]
    • Well this is not (social) innovation, like any innovation it is looked at a process and tried to improve it. That a process works is not reason not to improve it.

      If all would have lived after your "golden" rule, we would still have manufactures, work with pen&paper only, etc.

      pen&paper worked! Nobody needs computer eitherway, they just make anything simpler and process cheaper, getting a better output, but the technics that existed before worked!
  • by Anonymous Coward on Thursday July 10, 2003 @07:15AM (#6406313)
    Goodwill.
  • by aaronlev ( 685856 ) on Thursday July 10, 2003 @07:16AM (#6406316)
    Removing the cobwebs. People almost never remove old stuff. For example: - old projects from sourceforge - old module owners from the mozilla.org list of module owners - old out of date documentation The older a project our the community gets, the more bloated it will get with incorrect information. Try to do some work, and find you wasted a day because of out of date stuff. Projects need a little, eek dare I say, management.
    • by Anonymous Coward on Thursday July 10, 2003 @07:23AM (#6406330)
      Cleaning out the cruft is the sort of thing that any project is bad at, and it isn't just Open Source. Until very recently the company I worked for was heaping more and more features into their software and they just wern't being used. They recently got a clue and have embarked on two major projects to strip it down and clean it up. Its taken years though. I don't think OSS suffers from this any more than anyone else.

      By the way, in the last SourceForge newsletter they indicated that they will soon begin to remove dead projects from the database (Following a proper procedure to ensure the project really is dead). The primary candidates are those with 0% activity in the past six months, I believe.
      • dead@sf.net (Score:5, Informative)

        by aspargillus ( 640992 ) on Thursday July 10, 2003 @08:21AM (#6406437)
        By the way, in the last SourceForge newsletter they indicated that they will soon begin to remove dead projects from the database (Following a proper procedure to ensure the project really is dead). The primary candidates are those with 0% activity in the past six months, I believe.
        You believed almost right [sourceforge.net]: "These are projects that haven't had any real activity in the past 6 months and have never released any files."
    • Forgot SCO?? (Score:5, Insightful)

      by jkrise ( 535370 ) on Thursday July 10, 2003 @07:32AM (#6406349) Journal
      The biggest challenge comes from those who lose when a particular model succeeds. Proprietary, closed-source, cash-strapped, IP wielding firms who employ (litigious bastards -to quote Slashdot) are bigger challenges.

      Not to mention being branded communists, success haters, neo-terrorists, non-conformists, traitors etc.

      The fact that Open Source succeeds despite all the above does indeed speak very highly of it's underlying strength of purpose and motivation.
    • by FooBarWidget ( 556006 ) on Thursday July 10, 2003 @07:56AM (#6406393)
      Have you forgotten GNOME? In GNOME 2, they removed a lot of configuration options and deprecated APIs! They even got heavily flamed and critisized *because* they removed stuff.

      Oh yes, let's claim that people almost never remove old stuff while ignoring one of the largest open source projects out there.
    • by fingal ( 49160 ) on Thursday July 10, 2003 @08:01AM (#6406404) Homepage

      I don't have my copy of Anti-Patterns [antipatterns.com] with me, but quoting from memory, the Lava Flow anti-pattern states something along the lines of:-

      The more legacy code in an application, the greater the chance that the people responsible for the code are no longer involved in the development of new code. This leads to an inability to change the legacy code, mainly based on fear of undocumented effects of the changes. As the amount of "untouchable" legacy code increases, the diffuculty in making new changes increases until the point when the Lava Flow cools sufficiently into an immovable solid mass that becomes basically unmodifiable without major low-level re-writes.
      • That reminds me: I worked for a company in the early 90's where I wrote quite a bit of the code in one of their software products. I left in 1997, came back around 2001, and was amused to see there was still "#ifdef PHARLAP286" code that the maintainers were afraid to remove.
    • by Lumpy ( 12016 )
      People almost never remove old stuff. For example: - old projects from sourceforge -

      because sourceforge is designed so you CAN'T remove an old project. Lord knows I have tried.

      and emails to admins get's a response of "that is against our policy."

      It's sourceforges fault they have gobs of cruft there... they wont let you get rid of the abandoned stuff or even the ones that had a good intention but you found someone else doing it so you abandoned your's to help them... kind of projects.
      • Exactly. You have to find someone to replace you as the owner of the project. Someone emailed me to take over my project because the name was exactly the 1 that he wanted. I was fortunate enough to have someone like that come my way.

        On an unrelated note, I almost deleted his email requesting the new ownership, because I thought that it was spam.
    • Rightly mentioned. There a lot of open source projects that started off with a wonderful idea but down the line have somhow lost vision and ended up being un-supported anymore. I think this is the place where commercial organizations shine. Their releases are well controlled and gives the third party vendors to time theirs too. This is where mozilla [mozilla.org] missed out. Now I think they are in a better shape than they were earlier. So i think another major challenge for an open source project to keep going is to k
      • Rightly mentioned. There a lot of open source projects that started off with a wonderful idea but down the line have somhow lost vision and ended up being un-supported anymore. I think this is the place where commercial organizations shine.

        Nah for commercial organisations it the very same! There are a lot that have wonderful ideas, but down the line more than 80% of all new companies are in bankruptcy in the first 3 years. (almost 50% even in the first year)
    • Removing the cobwebs. People almost never remove old stuff. For example: - old projects from sourceforge

      So well have you ever tried to delete your abandoned project from sourceforge? If you find out please tell me! I did not manage to, because they won't let you, simple as that. (Mostly because if people want to continue their project closed source, the last open source version stays public, beyond their control!).
  • Only one? (Score:5, Insightful)

    by Anonymous Coward on Thursday July 10, 2003 @07:17AM (#6406318)
    The article is titled The Organizational Model for Open Source, but is there really only one model? The Linux "benevolent dictator", Perl "pumpking"[1], FreeBSD "board" etc. are all different models (And there are more). Surely all these different models have different dynamics?

    [1]: Fnur fnur
    • Re:Only one? (Score:5, Informative)

      by Homology ( 639438 ) on Thursday July 10, 2003 @07:35AM (#6406354)
      This is just the editors choice of headline. If you actually read the article you'll see the following outlined in red:
      Q: Will the nonprofit foundation be an organizational model that will define future software development?

      Moreover, you'll might notice that the second paragraph starts with :

      HBS professor Siobhán O'Mahony discusses her research on foundations formed around three projects

      So just read the article, it's quite good.

      • Re:Only one? (Score:2, Informative)

        by Anonymous Coward
        I did, its basically talking about three OSS projects that have created Non Profits around themselves, and the structure that imposes. However, she talks about OSS as though it is one big collective, and asks if there is an inherent dichotomy in an OSS project imposing order through a Non Profit.

        However, there is no such thing as a single "Open Source Organisation Model", and I believe that different models would be better suited to the sort of organisation that the Non Profit imposes. For example the F
  • Follow the money (Score:4, Insightful)

    by drpickett ( 626096 ) on Thursday July 10, 2003 @07:19AM (#6406323)
    Access to capital comes at a price - Duh - If there are those who invest the funds to create an NP foundation to promote the development of open source they are going to want to influence things like organization and maangement discipline - Think of the larger charitable foundations that are out there - The investors are not interested in a profit, but they are interested in having their dollars drive a portion of the investor's vision - The price in this case may be the need to actually document code, keep it clean, and produce to somewhat of a schedule - The coders may be volunteers, but the price that the coders pay for access to the fountation's resources is a bit of formalism - Sounds like a fair trade to me
  • Surprising? (Score:5, Funny)

    by mikeophile ( 647318 ) on Thursday July 10, 2003 @07:24AM (#6406334)
    A surprising entity has emerged to protect the interests of open source software developers: the non-profit foundation.

    What's so surprising about that?

    Most open source projects have been non-profitable so far.

    • Re:Surprising? (Score:3, Insightful)

      by tcopeland ( 32225 ) *
      > Most open source projects have been
      > non-profitable so far.

      Perhaps not profitable for the project owner... but quite profitable for the users.
    • Re:Surprising? (Score:3, Insightful)

      And how many closed source companies make big profits again? Only the big ones do. The small ones are having problems surviving.
  • by tanguyr ( 468371 ) <tanguyr+slashdot@gmail.com> on Thursday July 10, 2003 @07:25AM (#6406337) Homepage
    Not really all that much about the "Organizational Model for Open Source". No discussion of "incubator" sites like sourceforge. No mention of technologies like CVS that make distributed development possible, or at least a lot easier. No comparison with the trend in outsourcing development. No discussion about the differences between "true" open source and such no-fork aberrations as "community source" or whatnot.

    well at least it renders correctly in Mozilla.

    For some real insight into how/why/when the open source development model makes sense, read your classics:

    the widely quoted but maybe a bit less widely read work of Eric S. Raymond

    /t
    • by Jellybob ( 597204 ) on Thursday July 10, 2003 @07:29AM (#6406343) Journal
      But it wasn't about the technical details of how open source works, it was about the management of *people*... you know... those things that spit out code for you.
      • by Surak ( 18578 ) * <surak&mailblocks,com> on Thursday July 10, 2003 @08:31AM (#6406478) Homepage Journal
        Ummm...did you actually *read* any of those works? They're The Cathedral and the Bazaar and Homesteading the Noosphere are *specifically* about the management/sociological models of open source. The Magic Cauldron deals with the *economics* models of open source. These are the classics that deal with the management, sociology and economics makeup of OSS.

        If you haven't read them, by all means do so. All of the concepts you hear about 'scratching the itch' and 'organized chaos' here on Slashdot and on various OSS mailing lists, etc. are discussed in depth and in detail in those books. Despite what you might think of ESR and his politics, his books are *very* insightful.
      • Oh yeah. Thank goodness the pinstriped nebbishes at Harvard B-School have taken it upon themselves to bless us with their wisdom. I mean, if they didn't deign to poorly describe a phenomena that was created without them, managed without them, and works very well without them - thank you very much - what would we do!?

        ...the management of *people*... you know... those things that spit out code for you.

        Here's a clue. Most of these people don't spit out code for you. That's the whole F'ing point. In fa
  • Structure (Score:4, Funny)

    by Anonymous Coward on Thursday July 10, 2003 @07:31AM (#6406346)
    too much structure will disenfranchise the very people who make the most successful open source projects possible

    In other words, if you make open sores programmers move out of their parents basements, put on a decent set of clothing and get a haircut, they won't like you anymore.

    DUH!

    • Re:Structure (Score:2, Insightful)

      by Moraelin ( 679338 )
      Well, let me give you an actual example, not from some major Open Source project but from a non-profit MUD.

      Most MUDs tend to work like that. Some players eventually volunteer to help you create stuff. Some rare cases can help with the actual programming part, but most can fill the equally (if not more) important part of writing content for that game.

      And for some reason, they tend to attract a lot higher volunteers/users ratio than other projects. Maybe because you have them coming daily to your site anywa
  • by SanGrail ( 472847 ) on Thursday July 10, 2003 @07:38AM (#6406358)
    The article didn't seem that coherent. There were some interesting questions asked, and completely different answers given.

    E.g.
    "Could you explain why the emergence of nonprofit foundations in the hacker culture appears to be a contradiction in terms?"
    Why anyone would think it is a contradiction in terms is possibly an interesting question, and it isn't answered. Yes, Open Source projects often operate on a meritocracy, and those who do the work, often make the decisions - and may become 'board members' etc when it makes sense to set up a non-profit foundation.

    Also, how much of a model is a 'non-profit foundation'? As overlayed on an opensource project? It may not actually have that much relevance as to how decisions are made, and the project develops.

    Also, could someone explain what Prof. Stark means when she refers to 'community forms'?
    • Honestly, I think that the "contradiction in terms" that the interviewer was hinting at was based on the stereotypes of the "hacker" in mainstream media. This stereotype is based on ultra-egotistical behavior, the digital uber-indvidualist, etc.

      As long as the media continues to run with this misperception that all hackers are just digital mischief makers, they will continue to be baffled as to why these individuals could possibly want to start non-profit organizations.
  • by stonebeat.org ( 562495 ) on Thursday July 10, 2003 @07:42AM (#6406367) Homepage
    Harvard publishes a magazine called "Harvard Business Review (HBR)". Previously they did not cover Linux/OpenSource. But recently I recently I read an in HBR that says Enterprises should look into OpenSource as a viable alternative to propritary products (specifically OpenOffice).
    HBR is read by presidents/directors/managers, so it is interesting to see how the thinking is changing.
  • by MongooseCN ( 139203 ) on Thursday July 10, 2003 @07:53AM (#6406388) Homepage
    The model I find that works best is Modularity and Interfaces (I don't think that's the actual model name, I forget). The lead designer focuses on code that can easily be seperated into individual components (modules). These modules then have interfaces defined but little to nothing about their internals are defined. This way these modules can be handed out to people to code and there needs to be very little interaction between coders of different modules.

    The problem with this model is that performance will be lower because there is less interaction between the internals of modules. But this day in age, easy maintanence and stability are more important than a few cpu cycles.

    One problem that crops up pretty often with this though is struct interfaces (I use a lot of C). When a member is added or deleted or a module owner notices the need for a new member, this can affect lots of other modules owners.
    • by Anonymous Coward
      One problem that crops up pretty often with this though is struct interfaces (I use a lot of C). When a member is added or deleted or a module owner notices the need for a new member, this can affect lots of other modules owners.

      Thats why you design the module interfaces well before you start. If you really really must change a struct though, try these guidelines:

      o Always pass a pointer to the struct, not the struct itself. If you need to, memcpy() the data at the other end.
      o Always add new members
    • The article was not on technical but organizational topics.

      --

  • 2/3HBS=BS
  • by seosamh ( 158550 ) on Thursday July 10, 2003 @08:29AM (#6406467)
    According to the article,

    "Much of what is funny about Dilbert cartoons is the disgust that technical workers have for managers who do not have intimate knowledge of the content of their work."

    That doesn't match my experience. The best managers, those who can clear the way for/get out of the way of their technical staff, don't earn disgust, but respect, despite not having "intimate knowledge of the content" of the techies' work.

    Generalizing to all managers who don't understand the technical content misses the point.
    • by Mostly a lurker ( 634878 ) on Thursday July 10, 2003 @08:45AM (#6406529)
      Generalizing to all managers who don't understand the technical content misses the point

      Very true. It has long been my view that the best managers of technical people are those who act as motivators and facilitators. While a strong technical grounding is sometimes an advantage (especially when judging who to assign to a project) limited technical knowledge does not necessarily prevent a manager from doing his job. It is important that a non technical manager knows his limitations, though, and is willing to defer on technical matters to those with superior knowledge.

    • Too true. The best managers I've had were the ones that did their thing (not that I know what that neccessarily was) to make sure I could spend more time doing development (as in coding), and less time doing all that other stuff (as in meetings that I didn't really need to attend).

      None of them had brilliant technical skills, but I still respected them.
    • "Much of what is funny about Dilbert cartoons is the disgust that technical workers have for managers who do not have intimate knowledge of the content of their work."

      That doesn't match my experience. The best managers, those who can clear the way for/get out of the way of their technical staff, don't earn disgust, but respect, despite not having "intimate knowledge of the content" of the techies' work.

      In my experience, those who move out of the way of their technical staff fall into two categories: th

      • ah, but... (Score:2, Insightful)

        by ed.han ( 444783 )
        i don't know about you, but what's the percentage of good managers, such as you describe well, and the rest of the managers in the business world.

        i don't think anybody would argue that a good manager's job is to manage staff well: give the amount of support and assistance to permit staffers (and not just developers) to reach objectives.

        it's just that they seem in short supply. :>

        ed
  • Am I the only one thinking...

    WTF do the people at Harvard Business School really know about open source?

  • Damn, and there I was thinking this article was going to be about top models taking on the Open Source cause and giving us all free porn...

    Daniel
  • AI Army of One (Score:1, Interesting)

    by Mentifex ( 187202 )

    Structure? We don't need no steenking structure.

    As the war-criminal and oil-stealing U.S. Army alludes in its recruitment slogan, an "Army of One" is all you need as the vanguard of an Open Source(-Forge) [sourceforge.net] project to create artificial intelligence and bring about the Technological Singularity. [caltech.edu]

    Anything beyond an AI Army of One [nanomagazine.com] will be unable to come up with a sufficiently complex Concept-Fiber Theory of Mind [sourceforge.net] to start coding True AI or Good Old Fashioned AI (GOFAI) in JavaScript [sourceforge.net] for teaching AI and

  • Dijkstra's Papers (Score:5, Interesting)

    by Hubert Q. Gruntley ( 310405 ) on Thursday July 10, 2003 @09:04AM (#6406622)
    A short while ago, Dijkstra's papers were made available online. Slashdot article here [slashdot.org].

    A pervasive theme was that managers don't like exceptional people... he decried "the collectivist desire to play down the potential role of the individual." Managers always scorn rugged individualists because they mess up the well ordered meetings.

    This may be the reason, and the only reason, why open source is successful: because we've invented a system where brilliant individuals can work together.
  • 1. Blood, sweat and tears
    2. ???
    3. Kudos!!

    Why Kudos and not Profit? Easy, and this is the key to OSS: you need money when you trade with strangers. When you trade with people you know, reciprocity is enough. OSS is possible because of community. The community is possible because of cheap communications.
  • The economics of Open Source are something that is rarely talked about in great detail. Generally, the satisfaction of the task is more important than any (at least, immediate) financial kickbacks. But generally, when a software engineer tells his friends and family what he/she does, they never really quite get it...what is software? You create something, but it's not physical. But it's more concrete than an idea.

    The more fundamental question that firms and policy makers need to be thinking about is j

  • I wanted to quote the following part of the interview because it seems to point to an important shift in how society values software. To the point that society begins to understand the social value of free software beyond its market valuation, FLOSS can only become accepted and supported. Here's the relevant quote:

    "The more fundamental question that firms and policy makers need to be thinking about is just what type of good is software? The answer to this question may be shifting just as economic and socia

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